Deoxyribonucleic acid, more commonly referred to as DNA, is the molecule responsible for dictating the unique characteristics that make each individual who they are. Analyzing specific characteristics of DNA can provide information regarding epigenetic age. Epigenetic age is a measurement of how old the cells in the body are as opposed to simply the number of years since birth, or chronological age. One characteristic of DNA that can be studied to assess epigenetic age is methylation. Methylation is a process involving the addition of a methyl group (-CH3) to a specific DNA molecule which ultimately controls what portions of a DNA molecule are accessible or restricted for DNA expression. Over time, patterns of methylation change drastically and therefore can be used to make predictions about epigenetic age.
Since epigenetic age does not necessarily align with chronological age, the relationship between the two has sparked conversation regarding their role in longevity. Specifically, recent epigenetic research has found that lower epigenetic age relative to chronological age is correlated with longer living, while higher epigenic age relative to chronological age is associated with an increased risk of age-related disease and mortality. Furthermore, factors such as lifestyle and environment have been shown to influence changes in epigenetic age, suggesting that there is a possibility that the age of our cells may be modifiable.
Of the lifestyle choices studied, research suggests that exercise and diet play a significant role in DNA methylation, and therefore epigenetic changes that may lead to longevity. Aerobic and resistance training at high intensity have been shown to have the most significant impact on epigenetic adaptations. Consistent endurance training has also been shown to spark changes in epigenetic age. Specifically, research suggests that these genetic changes manifest most prominently in decreased biological age of skeletal muscle cells and blood cells.
The field of epigenetics is a rapidly growing area of research that has brought to light important evidence suggesting that exercise has an imperative role in increasing longevity through changes in epigenetic age. Although much of this research is novel, in the future it will grant the possibility for highly individualized care through information acquired through genetic assessments along with collaboration of professional interdisciplinary teams.
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